My Complete Notes for UPSC Civil Service Examination

Hi, My name is Sayooj P.R, I got Rank #1 in UPSC civil service examination 2020. This blog contain my entire notes, hope it helps you.



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Hindustani Music


Orgin
  • The popular belief that the development of Hindustani Music was because of the influence of Amir Khusrau is not accepted by many scholars
  • many of the believe that it was an offshoot of carnatic, but later it was established that, the separate development of hindustani was due to the efforts of Islamic Rulers , Amir Khusrau, Regional Influence and early dhrupad singers
Basics
  • the hindustani school begin to follow strictly the TIME, SEASON AND MOOD (tsm)theory of Raga.
  • There are 6  principal Ragas in which are TSM specific.

Raga
Time 
Season
Mood
Hindol
Night
Spring
Sweatness of Young couple
Deepak
Afternoon
Summer
compassion
Megha
Afternoon
Rainy
Courage
Srirag
Evening
Winter
Love
Malkauns/ Kaushiki
Midnight
Winter
Youthful Love
Bhairavi
Morning
Autumn
Devotion

Compositions of Hindustani music => 9
Dhrupad => highly disciplined
  • Oldest of hindustani music and hence believed mother of all other hindustani styles
  • It has a vedic origin and emerged from temple, thats why it is also called as temple music
  • Serious and super composition which demands effort from vocal chords and lungs
  • starts with an AALAP followed by JOD and then four composed sections
    • Sthayi, Antara, Sanchari and Abhog.
  • lyrics are generally in BRAJ bhasha, and it involve VEER and SHRINGAR rasa.
  • Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior popularised it. In court of Akbhar SWAMI HARIDAS, TANSEN, BAIJU BAWARA were famous dhrupad singers
  • dhrupad is always accompanied by 2 musical instruments : PAKHAWAJ & TANPURA.
  • Gharana
    • several singers devised their own system of singing as per their musical aptitude and temparament. These specific musical composition are followed by successors of singers which lead to emergence of several Gharana.
  • In modern times there are 4 famous Gharana in dhrupad 
    1. Dagari Gharana(UP)
    2. Bettiah Gharana(Bihar)
    3. Darbhanga (Bihar)
    4. Bishnupur (WB)
Khayal
  • Khayal is a persian word which mean idea thought or imagination 
  • Amir Khusrau is attributed to be the creator of Khayal. But Khayal came into prominence due to the efforts of SULTAN MOHMD SURKI of Jaunpur in 15th century.
  • unlike dhrupad, Khayal is more deligate and romantic and it has more freedom in structure and form.
  • the special feature of khayal is use of TAAN in music
  • khayal performance takes place in 2 parts
    • Bada Khayal
    • Chota Khayal
  • 5 famous Gharanas
    • Gwalior Gharana
    • Kirana Gharana
    • Patiala Gharana
    • Agra Gharana
    • Jaipur Gharana
Dhamar
  • similar to the dhrupad except it followe Dhamar tala
  • it also demand efforts from lungs and vocal chord
  • originally this style of music was performed by the festival of HOLI perticularly in BHRAJ area who used to depict the Love Affair of Krishna, also his Pranks with the Gopi.
Thumri
  • This musical system was influenced by Bhakti saints of North India.
  • It's greatest proponents is NAWAB WAJID ALI SHAH of Lucknow. => who learned Thumri from his tutor SWAMI THAKURDAS
  • thumri is based on Mixed Ragas, which could be romantic, religious, devotional...etc.
  • text of the song is very important and mainly written in Brajbhasha.
  • there are 2 types of thumri
    • Purbi => slow
    • Panjabi => fast.
  • 2 important Gharanas
    • Banaras. 
    • Lucknow.
Tarana(UP)
  • was composed for entertainment purpose as such it had only few meaningful words.
  • here Rhythm plays important role rather than vocal form
  • it was very popular among the Aristocratic class of North India
Dadra(UP)
  • it is a lite classical form very close to Thumri
  • the difference from the thumri is that, it is performed on Dadra Taal and some fast Taal such as KEHERWA.
  • the lyrics were written in Bhraj Basha and Urdu
  • Theme is more Mundane( => daily life things)
Tappa
  • this style initially developed by Camel riders of North west.
  • however this style become popular among the singers of punjab who started to compose very fast song under this style
  • Tappa is known for Phrasal Singing. 
Qawwali
  • the form came into prominence due to efforts of AMIR KHUSRAU 
  • small couplets were composed in praise of Allah or prophet
  • it is especially performed during festival of URZ.
Ghazal
  • It is also product of persian influence
  • though essentially allah poetry, there is underline SUFI elements with god as beloved.
  • Mirz Ghalib and Bahadurshah Zafar was famous proponent of Gazal.



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