My Complete Notes for UPSC Civil Service Examination

Hi, My name is Sayooj P.R, I got Rank #1 in UPSC civil service examination 2020. This blog contain my entire notes, hope it helps you.



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Socio Religious Reform Movements


Mind Map
  • situation of society
  • Brahmo Samaj : RRMR -> Sati 
  • YBM : HVD -> enlighted youth
  • Arya Samaj: Dayanand Saraswati -> vedic Schools & shuddhi movement
  • RK Mission: -> humanist works : education, hospital
  • Theosophical Society: Annie Basant -> involvement of foreigners  (false sense of pride when some one outside praises)
  • M G Ranade and Prarthana Samaj : maharashtra + learned scholar + Indian social conference + Induprakash
  • Jyothibha Phule: mali community +caste based reforms + Satyashodak Samaj
  • IC Vidyasagar: widow remarriage + women education+ sanskrit education
  • Gopalhari Deshmukh : lok hitavadi => Caste based + Paramhans Mandalis
  • Aligarh movement =>  Muslim + sir syed ahmed khan
  • Akali movement => sikh + singh sabha movement + western education
  • South => Caste based
    • SNDP, 1902, Ezhava
    • Self Respect Movement, Periyar
    • Vaikom Sathyagrah, 1924: K P Kehava
  • Pandita Ramabhai -> child widows
  • Servents of India society: GK Ghokhale
  • Analysis
Reformist vs. Revivalist
  • Reformist -> +ve looking, reform oriented
  • Revivalist -> bring back original intent + glorious past => some turned to Communal movement
Pan-Indian & Regional
  • Pan-India: Bhramho Samaj, Arya Samaj, RK Mission
  • Rest: regional
Why most of reforms in Bengal
  • because Britishers focus was mainly on Bengal
  • when British influence spread, these reform movements are spread to other areas also.
Characteristics of all Caste movement
  • political representation, access to public places and temple entry, educational & employment opportunity
Mains Question
Various Reform movements not only helped to reform Indian society but also laid the foundation for nation building. Comment.
  • comment => you have to agree and disagree with topic
  • Keywords: Social Reforms, Nation Building, Criticism
  • Introduction: arrival of britishers, lead to comparison in society, lead to social reforms.
  • Heading: "Social Reforms"
    • BS fought against sati & make rationalism in to fore front
  • Heading "Contribution to Nation building"
    • unity nation, early political organisation, mobilisation of youth and middle class, urbanisation, Pan india presence
    • taking up political issues like Indianisation of higher civil services
    • organisation like RKM and SIS taking up humanitarian measures
    • education, leaders are made
  • Criticism: Not free from their flows, many organisation like Arya samaj, Aligarh become revivalist in nature and promoted communal tendancies, mostly social reform movements restricted to urban areas and upper classes and not able to mobilise masses like peasants and workers.
  • conclusion: layed ground works for Pan india ideology
Note
  • direct contributions
    • Socio religious reforms: rationalism, status of women
    • Uniting People
    • education
    • Awareness about exploitative nature of British rule
    • mobilisation of youth
  • Negatives
    • rise of communal tendancies
    • not able to mobilize the masses
    • only confined to urban areas
    • narrow base
    • westernization, and over emphasis on western education
    • Restricted to upper classes
  • Legacy
    • sowed seeds of egalitarian, political association
Note
  • pioneers face biggest struggles, the following generation find it easy to move on.
Society
Women
  • Sati
  • Child marriage
  • Widow Remarriage Discouraged
  • Purdah
  • Polygamy
  • inferior status 
  • Education & employment discrimination
Lower caste/ Dalit
  • Untouchability
  • menial jobs in the name of employment
  • denial of education + especially sanskrit
  • no access to public places
Religious
  • Supremacy of one class
  • superstition
  • Scriptures interpreted to serve purpose of priest classes
  • Idolatery
  • Immoral practices
Why main focus on religion
  • to establish reform in other, religious practices are must to be reformed
  • many of the evils generated in other spheres originated from religious belief.
  • Hence religious reform become a prerequisite.
BhramhoSamaj BS
Raja Ram mohan Roy
  • gifted linguist (believed that translations make change to original thought)
    • studied Khuran in original arabic
    • studied Bible in original Hebrew
    • studied Hindu texts in original Sanskrit
  • believed on monothiesm
  • in 1814 formed Atmiya Sabha and later on in 1828 formed the Brahmo Samaj
  • wrote books like Percepts of Jesus, Gift to Monotheist, and brought out a Bengali Weekly (Sambad Koumady) in 1821, and also wrote Urdu journal (Mirad-Ul-Akhbar)
    • Percepts of Jesus : miracle stories are used to accentuate the message + seperate the miracle story from the message
  • RRMR opposed to Idolatory, Polytheism, Sati, and encouraged widow remarriage
  • other demands included Indianisation of Higher civil services, fixing maximum rents, Judicial Equality, and seperation of Executive from judiciary. 
  • 1817, RRMR with the Help of David Harre, swiss, set up the Hindu college 
After death of RRMR in 1833, 
  • BS took a pan-India character under Keshub Chandra sen in 1858
  • BS believed in supremacy of Reason over vedas and fate, which distinguished it from other reform movements like aryasamaj and Ram Krishna Mission
Difference from other 
  • BS always remained outside society from Religion, and told the society "You need to Reform" (considered Holy books are fallible infront of reason)
  • Arya Samaj and RK Mission, Aligarh movement: remained inside the sphere of religion and said "We need to reform our selves" (considered Holy books as infallible)
  • RKM => moderate form of reform movement compared to BS, which didn't neglected infallibility of vedas, hence they survived. (they believed Idolatry has utility and when the society become mature, they may advocate Idolatry ban)
Problem with BS
  • Not able to generate social capital with the masses => Hence their message was limited (problem of most of organisations)
Achievements & Significance
  • empowerment of women, especially SATI banned
Note
  • Social Capital => the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
  • Administration must develop social capital with the people and then only they will accept reforms
  • Social capital => unless and until the person implementing reform help you in some ways 
    • like taking up demands of educated people, workers, farmers ..etc.
  • if debt ridden farmer is asked to take reform, he shouldn't obey, if he is not out of his problem.
  • When we are kids we need not get meaning of everything, we need simplified version of everything. Idolatery was such thing for highly unaware masses. As they give a sense of direction. When it was objected by BS, people simply rejected. 
    • you need to get mature, and realise that god is not in one place, but everywhere.
  • Vedas also speak of 2 types of Brahma: 
    • Lower Brahman: symbolic + where initiator understand
    • Upper Brahman : formless + for mature persons
Young Bengal Movement
Henry Vivian Derozio
  • first national poet
  • inspired by French Revolution (liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Rationalism)
  • from 1821-1828: YBM become so much popular among students and youth of Bengal
Limitations
  • Youth & theoretic oriented + never reached masses due to lack of interaction
  • limited reach + restricted to campuses + no practical plan
Significance
  • enlightenment of youth.
Arya Samaj
Dayanand Saraswathi in 1875 established a hindu reform movement with Aims
  • Spreading message of vedas
  • setting up educational institution like DAV school in 1886
  • countering the conversion activities of christian missionaries through shuddhi movements.
Unique Features
  • Dayanand Anglo Vedic Schools and the Shuddhi Movement.
  • Dayanand saraswathi promoted use of reason and rationalism but declared Vedas as infallible.
    • Vedas always right, if you question then you are wrong and you didn't understand it correctly
  • carried out reform activities for upliftment of women and establishing equality with man and women.
Later times
  • became strongly communal
  • Hindu Mahasabha, formed in 1916, major outcome of this.
Note 
  • there are 3 phases of communalism
    • first phase (community consiousness) :you identifies your goals with the community (you may not go to Ram mandhir or Babri masjid, but you are hurt as your community is hurt.) => dormant form
    • 2nd phase (differential goals): the goal of one community is different from other community (now difference arises, even though both Hindu and muslim thought they need education, they also felt they are different way from each other) => Hindu and muslims are two different communities
    • 3rd phase (zero sum phase) : antagonism; not only goals are different but they are opposit to other (if they are getting education, we are left behind) => Hindus and Muslims are not only different communities but also they are different nations.
Ramkrishna Mission 
Ramakrishna Parmahans
  • Mystic (mysticism=> deepest form of religious expression + same force behind everyone)
  • disciple: Vivekanada in 1897 -> RKM
Aim
  • spread the message of Vedas
  • to create a dedicated band of monks, who will carry out activities for upliftment of humanity.
  • RKM recognised the utility of image worship as opposed to Arya Samaj and BS and didn't consider itself to be a seperate sect of Hinduism as BS did.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
  • true humanist
  • widow remarriage and women education
  • opened up Sanskrit college to break the monopoly of priestly class over learning of sanskrit
  • in 1856 he successfully legalised widow remarriage and also helped in opening many Girls school to promote female education.
note
  • to make a law funtion, it should get social acceptance. i.e, even passing 1856 act didn't change anything. 
  • widow remarriage issue was further taken up by MG Ranade (established WRA in 1861 => promote awareness among the masses) 
Theosophical Society
  • H.P. Blavatsky and H.S. Olcott in US in 1875
  • later on shifted to Adayar in Madrass
  • Ani Basant , become president in 1907 and popularised TS as a spiritual as well as humanist organisation
    • Colleges, Hospitals etc.
  • Ani Basant helped in setting up of Central Hindu University in Banaras, was the first women president of INC, Headed the Home rule league in 1916 and was the president of Indian women's association in 1917
MG Ranade, MH
  • founding member of INC,
  • member of Bombay Legislative council,
  • judge of Bombay HC,
  • founding member of Indian Social Conference in 1887 
    • When congress created, it decided to not to take up social reformation activity as it may seperate different people, so it decided to have seperate social reform cell
  • He brought a Marathi daily INDU PRAKASH and contributed towards the Economic Critique of British rule
with inspiration from Keshub Chandrasen, MGR and others founded Prarthana Samaj, whose aims included
  • disapproval of caste system
  • Women Education
  • Promoting Widow Remarriage
WRA
  • 1861 by MG Ranade
  • promoted Widow remarriages
note
  • GKG was disciple of MG Ranade , Gandhi was disciple of GKG, Disciple of Gandhi was Nehru
Some other Persons
Jyotibha Phule, MH
  • Satya Shodak samaj, Mali community, complete abolition of caste and promotion of lower caste education.
Gopal Hari Deshmukh, MH
  • Param Hans Mandalis in 1849, caste based movement for promoting one god worship and widow remarriage
Aligarh Movement => Initially reformist later revivalist
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
  • after his retirement wanted to promote scientific and rational thinking among the muslims
  • But at the same time he declared Khuran as infallible, which depicts not his narrow mindset, but the restrictive circumstances in which he was operating
  • in 1875 he helps in establishing Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh, to promote western education and social reforms in the muslim society, the college was open to every religious community and even taught Sanskrit
  • the greatest legacy of Aligarh movement is the promotion of liberal values amongst the muslims due to which the newer generation are more broad minded and are able to identify the true nature of British rule.
  • Due to divide and rule policy of Britishers, the movement later on turned communal and anti-freedom struggle.
Note
  • Reason and logic is important as well as Khuran is infallible.
  • he was very enlightened person, but was operating in a restricted environment.
  • don't participate in freedom struggle, first be equal with hindus.
Note: Why muslims lag behind 
  • some inherent drawbacks in muslim community, due to which they are not taken upto modern education
  • Historical Legacy: 1857 Mutiny, britishers thought Muslims are main culprits (because Britishers replaced Mughals) -> hence specifically targeted muslims to exclude them from education, employment and keep them backward.
  • discriminated, hence demanded some previleges like seperate electorates.
  • muslim reform movements were mostly revivalist and radical in nature => Wahabi Movement (convert India from land of Kaphir to land of Islam, Dar-ul-Harak to Dar-Ul-Islam)
  • most moderate one was AM
Note
  • Religion was an excuse in partition, it was completely economic in nature.
  • "If you know your religion, then you know every other religion" - Gandhi (=> every religion is same)
  • the maximum participation of Muslims happened in NCM in 1920, this was outcome of Aligarh movement, which bought out a new breed of leaders.
Akali Movement
in 1873, Singh Sabha leaks are formed in Amritsar with aims
  • promotion of Western education
  • countering the conversion activities of christian missionaries
  • taking over the control of Gurudwaras (which was in control of Hindu Mahants)
About
  • in 1920 Akali movement takes place with the aim of taking back the control of Gurudwaras (Non violent)
  • in 1925 Shiromani Gurudwara Prabanthak Committee is formed which is in charge of control of gurudwaras
    • Britishers enacted act to support of Sikh
    • because to conciliate Sikhs, who got humiliated in Jalianwala bagh massacre
South
SNDP
  • in Kerala, Ezhavas were the largest cast group in the south and they were discriminated against as they belong to a group of Toddy Trappers, 
  • in 1902, movement is launched with demands for political representation, access to public places, educational & employment opportunities 
  • There is some effect on the society due to this movement, but large scale changes was only observed after independence
Self Respect Movement
  • in 1920's in TN, under E.V. Ramaswami Naicker (Periyar => great soul) against Brahminical domination and exploitation of lower caste. 
  • Movement will not become much success, and will take in to the form of Regionalistic movement after independence
Vaikom Satyagrah
  • in Kerala in 1924 under K P Keshav against Brahminical domination and supported by Jathas from punjab.
  • non-violent.
  • in 1931, during CDM, again this movement raises
  • in 1936, princely state of Travancore allows temple entry for Lower caste
  • in 1938 in Madrass (under Congress rule) allowed by regulation, temple entry for lower castes.
Pandita Ramabhai
  • Prominent Women reformer, started Arya Mahila samaj in 1881, in pune to promote female education, especially for Child Widows.
  • in 1889 started Mukhti mission, to give refuge, to young widows, deserted by their families
  • later she started Sharada Sadan, to provide vocational training, food, shelter to child widow
Servants of India Society
started by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, in 1905 with the aims 
  1. Create a band of dedicated workers for nation Building 
  2. Carry out activities for upliftment of Indians 
    • parellel to RKM, which was driven by Religion but SIS was driven by secular agenda and patriotism
 



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