Mind Map
- Reasons for uprising
- politico religious uprisings
- tribal uprisings : frontier and non frontier
- revolt of 1857: reasons, aims, process (mass, spontaneous etc), outcome & responses.
Common features of Early Uprisings
- Indian side fought with traditional weapon, where as British side with Modern weapon. => Hence quickly suppressed
Reasons for Uprisings
- Land Revenue system (also got into tribal areas)
- Religious reforms (political system) and religious conversion.
- Loss of patronage from princely states
- Outsiders influx (Dikhus)
- forest department & forest laws
- new judicial system, (which empowers the money lenders)
Early Main land Rebellions
Sanyasi Rebellion (Bengal)
- Sanyasis once formed a part of the armies of Nawab of Oudh and Bengal, but after 1757, they were disbanded
- in 1770, Britishers imposed restriction on visit to holy places, massive famine of 1770 led to Sanyasi Revolt against the British.
- The sanyasis fought with traditional weapon and were quickly suppressed by the Britishers
Fakir Uprising (Bengal)
- Fakirs were wandering Muslim marchants who lose political patronage after 1757, in 1776 Fakirs under leadership of Majnu Shah began levying contributions on Zamindars and Peasants in Nothern Bengal districts, thus directly defying the British Authority.
- After prolonged Skirmishes, The fakir uprising was bought to an end by early 19th century
Kuka Revolt
- in 1840, a religious movement under Bhagat Jawahar Mal for relegious purification, turns into a political movement after annexation of punjab, in 1849
- movement continued till 1872 when it was finally crushed and their leaders deported to Rangoon in Myanmar
Mopplah Rebellion
- Mopplahs, Namboodiri Brahmins, and Nair were three groups living in Malabar area, where the tillers of land were Moplah, and owners were Brahmins and Nairs
- under the rule of Tippu Sultan, Nair and Brahmins flee and return after Britishers take over Mysore in 1792
- after a court Battle, Moplahs ordered to leave the land which leads to confrontation against the british
- the rebellion is soon crushed but recurs frequently till independence.
Note
- Moplah were result of inter marriages b/w Arab traders and natives of malabar.
Early Tribal Uprisings
Frontier and Nonfrontier tribal uprising differences
- Timeline: British come in contact with non-frontier one in 1760's where as frontier one got it in 1820's
- Land Revenue: nonfrontier was agricultural based, frontier one are forest based tribes
- Nonfrontier was more integrated with mainstream society, hence more influenced with religion
- Hence Religion was not a cause for frontier tribals, and most of them are christians.
- Coming of Dikhus were main cause for frontier tribes.
Note
- frontier: in border areas
- nonfrontier: inside territories
- most of the tribes of India is non-frontier ones.
- 5 types of Human race in India
- Mangoloid: northeast (major tribes)
- Dravidian: South
- Negrito: Central (Major tribes)
- Aryans: north
- Austroloids: northwest
Non-Frontier Tribal Uprising
Santhal Rebellion (bengal) => serfdom
- introduction of permanent land revenue system in 1793, reduced Santhals to a position of agricultural Surfs (teller who are bound to land, if owner change teller will be under new owner of land)
- in 1855 Santhals rose in Rebellion against the exploitative agrarian system under the leadership of Sidu and Kaanu.
- The santhals disrupt the telegraph cable and dislodge railway line.
- the movement soon peters out ( come to end) due to severe govt repressions, and creation of separate district of santhal to pacify the rebels.
Khond Uprising => Human Sacrifice
- Khonds residing in the Hill tracts from Tamil Nadu to Bengal, revolted from 1837 till 1856 due to ban on human sacrifice, introduction of new taxes, and influx of outsiders
- under the leadership Chackra Bisoi, the khonds, equipped with traditional weapons, were no match for the Britishers and by 1856 the revolt dies.
Munda Uprising (Chotanagpur) => Dikhu
- from 1789 till 1832 Mundas rise in rebellion against influx of outsiders like Moneylenders.
- in 1899 movement given a new life by Birsa Munda, who aimed for establishing a munda rule, and gaining political independence. in 1900, he was captured, which spelt the end for the revolt
Bhils Uprising => 3rd Anglo Maratha war
- after 1818, Britishers come in contact with Bhils residing in Areas near Khandesh (satara, in MH)
- the Bhils rise under the leadership of Sevaram in 1825 but are quickly subdued though freequent uprising of the Bhils occur later on also.
- Note
- since hill region, gorilla warfare was practiced, hence was recurrent.
- there was some amount of Tribal solidarity throughout India, as tribal never fight against each other. Even though they fight against Britishers and Dikhu.
Frontier Tribal Uprising
Ahom's Uprising
- After the first Burmese war of 1824, Britishers attempt to incorporate ahom territories
- in 1828, a rebellion under GOMDHAR KONWAR forces the Britishers to adopt a conciliatory approach towards the Ahom's.
- to make buffer state
Khasi uprising
- After the first Burmese war of 1824, Britishers come in contact with Khasis.
- British construct a road passing through the entire Khasi domain.
- in 1829, Khasi's rose under the leadership of THIRUTH SHAH, but are suppressed and by 1833 the revolt dies.
Criticism
- Traditional arms
- lack of organisation and lack of coordination b/w tribal and operated in silos, limited geographical span
- local grievances and no common agenda
But all these uprising later leads to revolt of 1857 and further towards Indian Independence movement.
Mains Question Practic
Analyse the causes for various tribal revolt after the advent of the Britishers in the 18th Century. How were the revolts in the frontier areas different from the revolts in non-frontier areas?
- Keywords: causes, differences
- Intro: Advent of Britishers and subsequent disruption in tribal practice
- Causes
- differences:
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