Medieval India

Reasons for Muslim Immigration in India

• Internal War through out SAMANID DYNASTY central asia especially Iran was facing threat from there.
• Hence to protect their region & propagate religion.
• Mahmood of Ghazni => ka. Cultural Regenerator in Central Asia, ka. Plunderer in India.
• One end fight against Central Asian Tribes => both physical & Mental.
• Firdausi, poet in his court => SHAHNAMA book => huge impact on minds of central asian tribes men => started accepted Islam => Thurki Kingdom 
• 17 times looted SOMNATH TEMPLE
• 1025 AD last attack
• After death => SAMNID devided into SELJUK'S then split into  2 GHURIDS and KHWARIZMI.
• Internal fight b/w GHURIDS and KHWARIZMI. => Ghurids defeated => Shifted focus to India under MUHMD BIN SAM aka. MOHMD GHORI.
• Mohmd Ghori in 1178 AD annexed MULTAN. in 1179 annex UUCCH near to multan.
• during 1150's Punjab,guj, raj, area 4 families of  AGNIKUL RAJPUT (7 original)was reigning.
• Pratihar - Gujarat
• Parmar - Malwa
• later Chalukya - Southern Gujarat
• Chauhan - Ajmer.
• (note of other 3 rajput families during that time: Gahdawla of Kanauj, Tomar of Delhi, Chandela of Bhundelkhand)
• Ghori came to region of Tabarhind(modern day BATINDA) => opposed by Prithiviraj Chauhan => 1191 Battle of Terrain => defeated Ghori.
• with help of JAICHAND and defeated Prithviraj in 1192 and came back in 1194 defeated Jaichand and deputed 
  Qutubdin Aiback to look after => Established Slave dynasti in 1206

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Slave Dynasti(1206-1290)

• Qutubdin Aibak
• before his death annexed Kalinjar & Mahoba
• 1210 died while playing CHUGAN => kind of polo.
• Ilthuthumish (1210-1236)
• started IQTA SYSTEM => land divided into
• IQTA land => post of IQTADAR/Iqta holders => administrative people => Revenue generated was for UPKEEP OF ARMY and ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES and remaining go for khalisa land
• KHALISA land. => personal purpose of King
• created 40 people as adviser ka TURKAN -I- CHAHALGAMI. => after death of Ilthumish turned interfering in adminstration
• 2 coins released => Silver Tanka , Copper Gittal.
• Raziya (1236-1240)
• assassinated by Advisors
• followed by puppet kings like Bahram Shah, in 1242 Massood Shah,
• 1246 Nasseeruddhin Mohmd. => Deputy Subedar post given to Ghiassuddin Balban => killed Nasseeruddin 1265.
• Ghiassuddin Balban (1265-1286)=> most cruel
• started etiquette of
• Sijda => Kneeling without seeing king
• Paibos=> Kiss the feet of Sultan.
• Started Navroz 
• established Dept. of Military ka. Diwan- i- Arz
• Kaiqubad(1286-1290)
• last slave monarch; defeated by Jalaluddin Khilji

Khilji Dynasty(1290-1320)

• Jalaluddin Khilji
• 1296 expedition to bengal => won => assassinated by Alaudding Khilji.
• Alauddin Khilji => Most powerful ruler of Delhi Sultanate 
• Blood and Iron policy in Delhi sultanate.
• Amir Khusrau court poet.
• expedition to Ranthambore fort => JAUHAR or mass Sati. => Padmavathi.
• started BRANDING SYSTEM called DAGH.
• Malik Kafur: able military general of Alauddin => he annexed 4 province in south 
• Devgiri
• Warangal
• Dwarasamudru
• Ma' baar (Malabr)
• Mangol challenge
• introduced MARKET CONTROL s/m =>
• fixed the prices of commodity.
• curbed the holding
• Haujkhaz established
• first to Start MEASURING LAND for Revenue Purpose
• Mohmud Khilji(1316-1320)
• defeated by Ghiazzuddhin Tuglaq.

Thuglaq Dynasti

• Ghiazzuddhin Tuglaq
• initiated SHARE CROPPING pattern.
• expedition to Bengal => won
• died during victory march over wooden plank constructed by Muhmad Thuglaq
• first to start DIGGING WELLS AND CANALS FOR IRRIGATION.
• Mohmad Bin Thuglaq => failed in every innovation he started.
• Takavi Loan => cheap loan => to agricultural purposes => everybody claimed => failed.
• shifting of capital from Delhi to daulatabad
• issue of token currency=>failed due to duplication
• 2 expedition to KARACHIL & KHORASINE => failed
• agrarian reform => failed => depletion of resources.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq 
• very pure islamic => aggressive islam policy
• made IQTA heriditary and called them JAGIRDAR=> jagirdari system
• Seperated JAZIYA => started to tax BRAHMINS also
• faced attack from central asian invader AMIR TIMUR 

in 1412 Hizir Khan, general of Amir timur, defeated last tughlaq and established SAYYID DYNASTI

1451 BAHLOL LODI established LODI DYNASTI

• Sikandar Lodi:
• became king in 1454
• established AGRA city
• Ibrahim Lodi
• defeated by zaheeruddin BABUR in 1526 in Battle of Panipat I.

Administrative S/m during Delhi Sultanate

• Diwan-i-Wizarat: Finance dept
• Diwan-i-Arz: Military
• Diwan-i-Insha: Postal
• Diwan-i-Risalat: Religious affairs
• Diwan-i-Kohi: Agriculture
• Diwan-i-Bandagan: Slaves.

Sufi Movement 

• parellel during this period
• Chistiya Silsila
• most imp: Moinuddin Chisti of Ajmer
• Qutubdding Bakhtiar Kakki
• followed by Qutubdin Aibak
• Farid-uddin  Ganj-i-Shakkar: aka. Baba farid
• teaching are incorporated to Adi Granth of Sikkism.
• Nizammuddin Auluia of Delhi
• Naziruddin -i-Chirag => last sufi saint.
• Suhrawadi Silsila
• Sheikh Bahauddin Zakaria
• during Mughals
• Chisti : Akbar
• Naqsbandiya: Babur & Aurengazeb
• Qadri: Dara Sikoh.

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Mughals

Babur(1526)

• 1527 defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in  Battle of Khanwa 

Humayun(1530-40)

• threatened by 2 people:
• Bahadurshah of Gujarat=> able to defeat 1538
• Sher shah suri => lost in 1539 @ Battle of Chausa, 1540 @ Battle of Kanauj.

Suri Interregnum(1540-1555)

• Afghan Rulers
• Sher shah suri died 1545 when returning from Battle of Kalinjer.
• Adil Shah Suri (1545-1555)
• defeated by Humayun
• Administration
• construction of GT Road
• first to codify Islamic Law Shariya for Judicial Purpose.

Humayun(1555-56)

• help of Shah Tamasp of Iran able to defeat Suri ruler

Akbar(1556-1605)

• until 1560 : He was under regency of His tutor Bairam Khan.
• 1562: annexed Malwa; 1572 Gujarat; 1574 Bihar; 1576 Bengal; 1581: Kabul; 1585: Kashmir.
• send missionaries to south India
• Khandesh
• in north India only one region was not under akbar: MEWAR rana Prathap => Battle of Haldihati 1576 => even after win akbar didn't annex Mewar out of respect =>  started matrimonial relationship => married to HARKA BHAI aka. Jodha bai
• Provincial Administration
• divided whole territories into 15 provinces ka. SUBAHs

Jahangir(1605-1627)

• conqured: Ahmednagar Province.

Shah Jahan(1627-1658)

• completely annexed Ahmednagar
• 1636 on wards family war b/w Dara and Aurengazeb.

Aurengazeb(1658-1707)

• completely discouraged Art and Architecture

Administrative system

• 15 provinces 
• Jagirdari s/m
• some land was given to military administrators/soldiers for agricultural activities to meat their own expenses.
• surplus amount left from expenses where supposed to remitted to royal treasury.
• Mansabdari s/m
• there were 2 components
• ZAT: position military general in  military hierarchy. Also indicate salary to be paid by king
• SAWAR: includes the number of soldiers and Horses maintained by Mansabdar for service of monarch

Economy under Mughal

• Raja Thodarmal started the practice of measuring land for revenue purpose
• on the basis of fertility of land differential taxation system was employed
• POLAJ land: highly fertile & cultivated every year.
• PARATI land: left fallow for period of 1 year to regain the fertility.
• CACHAR land : 3 yr to regain fertility
• BANJAR : 5 yr to regain fertility.

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South India

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Vijayanagar Kingdom

• 1336: Harihar & Bukka

Bahmini kingdom

• 1347: Alaudin Bahman