My Complete Notes for UPSC Civil Service Examination

Hi, My name is Sayooj P.R, I got Rank #1 in UPSC civil service examination 2020. This blog contain my entire notes, hope it helps you.



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Indo-Islamic Architecture


Overview
  • Delhi Sultanate 
    • Imperial
    • Provincial
      • Jaunpur(Malwa)
      • Bengal 
      • Bijapur
  • Mugal
    • Imperial
      • Akbar
      • Jahangir
      • Shajahan
    • Provincial
      • Sikh
      • Rajput
Trabeate and Archuate
  • Trabeate Architecture :- Before advent of Indo Islamic rulers all the prominent structures which were made in Indian subcontinent comes under the catogary of Trabeate architecure
  • Archuate : - the indo islamic rulers brought with them a very new kind of architecture ka. Archuate
Basis
Trabeate 
Archuate
Entrance
Lintel
 Arc

Top
Shikhar/Viman

Dome => hemisphere.

(buddhist dome is oval; in islam it is spherical )
Subsidiary tower 
absent 
minar 
materials used
stone and Brick in some places is used
Brick, lime and mortar

Features of Indo Islamic styles
  1. Arch and dome method
  2. Presence of Minar
  3. Use of mortar as a cementing agent
  4. Avoided human representations in structures.(can see in painting but cannot be seen in Architecture)
  5. They provided spaciousness, massiveness, and breadth to the existing hindu architecture.( converted Hindu, jain, buddist structures to islamic initially i.e, distroyed others)
  6. Decoration took the form of calligraphy and for this purpose the persian script was angularized. this angularised persian script ka. KUFI. 
  7. Decoration was also done through employing ARABESQUE METHOD.(Geometicized, vegetal and ornamental)  charaterised by continous stem which split regularly to produce leafy structures on both side. This leafy structure after splitting reintegrate with main stem.
  8. they used geometrical patterns for the drawing. eg:Dado Panel, Mosaic flooring.
  9. Islamic architecture is known for Intricate Jaali work.
    • it shows the significance of sunlight in Islam.
  10. Use of water in the premise in the form of courtyard pool fountain and small drains.
    • purpose of the water in primise was for cooling effect from hot weather, increasing the aesthetic beauty of building 
    • drains were used as escape root in case of war or any eventuality.
  11. Introduction of Charbagh style (four gardens adjescent to building).
  12. introduction of PIETRA DURA or Opus Sectile.
    • it refers to inlay of precious, semi precious, metals and stones on the surface of the wall.
  13. Use of foresightning technique. through this technique they try to create illusion of 3D. and as persieved by the viewer the size seams smaller than the original one.
Delhi Sultanate
Imperial Style
Slave-Ilberi Dynasti(1206-1290) => feature 5
  • It is also called as ilberi dynasti as all rulers belonged to Ilberi tribe except Qutub-uddn Aibak
  • Style developed by them is ka. Mamluk style
  • they started converting existing structure into the mosque
    • Quwat-ul-Islam mosque converted from preexisting jain temple
    • Arhai din ko Jhopra from Jain.
  • Qutubminar
    • started by QA, continued by Iltutumish and completed by Firozshah tughlaq
    • It was converted from existing Krishna temple
    • made in the memory of famous sufi saint Qutub uddin Bakhtiar Kaki.
Khilji dynasti(1290-1320) =>feature 1
  • the style developed by them is called Seljuk style
  • They used red sandstone and incorporated arch and dome method & mortar was used as cementing agent.
  • Alai Darwasa (Siri fort auditorium, Delhi)
  • Alauddin Khilji => master of administration.
    • known for his administration
    • for the first time in his reign the measurement of land started.
    • he was the first sultan to initiate strict measure against hoarding.
    • he also established a department of agriculture ka. Diwan-i-Kohi
    • notoriously known for attacking Renthambore fort where in the event of attack all the women of fort jumped into the well. This event of enmassed SATI  is discribed as Jowhar by Amir Khusrau. 
Thughlaq ()
  • Arch of this period was heavy and rough
  • introduce grey sandstone instead of red sandstone as it was cheaper and stronger
  • they employed minimum decoration 
  • this period was also called as crisis period of architecture; because focus was on strength rather than beauty.( MBT was very feared that structure of building is not strong and will collapse soon)
  • In the lieu of that they introduced the concept of slopping wall ka. Batter effect
Sayyid Period
  • major feature of this period was octagonal tomb and for the fist time used BLUE ENAMEL TILES. 
  • they freequently used the motifs of Guldasta (flower vase).
Lodi style
  • They introduced the concept of double dome which was not only beautiful but also very strong.
  • This DOUBLE DOME structure by lodi's inspired the generations of architect, who introduced it in other parts of the world.
  • Sikander Lodi established CITY OF AGRA and made it his capital
    • introduced the first scientific measurement technique GAJ-i-SIKANDARI
  • Introduced concept of Gardens
    • Mughals innovated it into 4 gardens/ Char bagh. 

Provincial Style
Bengal
  • Use of BLACK MARBLE
  • minimum decoration
  • sloping Bengal roof => because of topography of region
    • water cannot get logged in it.
  • eg: Kadam Rasul Mosque (Gaur, WB), Adhuna Masjid (Pandua, WB)
Malwa School of Architecture
  • (note: Southern Part of Rajasthan, northern part of MP and some parts of Guj. => badland topography => Ravine => gully erosion)
  • Complete absence of minar
  • large windows in the buildings
  • they made the elegant use of arch, pillar and Beam and stairways were well proportioned
Jaunpur School (UP)

  • developed by Sharqui dynasti.
    • well patronized musicians
  • this style is also marked by absence of minar
  • PROPYLON SCREENS were the major feature of this style
    • huge slanting gateways; which were bold and forceful in character.
    • eg: Attala Masjid in Jaunpur.
Bijapur
  • developed by Adil Shah
    • (note: Bahmani kingdom disintegrated into 5 cities like Bijapur, Golkonda etc)
  • they introduced Three Arch Facet
  • they introduced BULBOUS DOME which is almost spherical.
    • dome of GOL GUMBAZ is largest in the world. 
  • They introduced concept of CORNICES (Chhajja)
  • the walls and the ceilings were without any apparent support. instead they used IRON CLAMP to support.
  • Gol Gumbaz is Mausoleum of Adil Shah.
Mughal Period
Imperial
Intro
  • neither Babur nor Hamayun live long enough to focus on architecture
  • Babur built 2 mosque at PANIPAT(Har) & ROHIKHAND (western UP)
  • humayun lead the foundation of DINPANAH in 1534
    • Humayuns tomb was constructed by his wife Bega Begum after his death. For the first time in mughal school red sand stone and white marbles were used combinely; the tomb is known for Picturesque arch and 4 gardens/charbagh.
    • Humayun's biography written by his sister Gulbandan Begum
  • In between Mughal, Sher Shah Suri established City of Shergarh
    • constructed Grand Trunk Road(Amritsar to Kolkata; old NH-1)
    • constructed Quila-I-Kuhna mosque (Purana Quila)
    • Sasaram Mausoleum (=> tomb) in Bihar.
Akbar(1556-1602)

  • akbhar initiated the construction of AGRA FORT, which was completed by Shah Jahan.
  • for the first in the Islamic school TRABEATE structure was FUSIONED with archuate structure, perticularly in FATEHPUR SIKRI eg: Panchmahal and Jodhabai palace
  • Akbhar laid the foundation of second WALLED CITY included fort, Bulan Darwasa, Panch Mahal, Jodhabai palace, Salim Chisti's tomb and Jahangiri Mahal.
    • akhbar considered that due to the blessings of Salim Chisti Jahangir was born.
  • Salim Chisti's tomb was known for best intricate JAALI work in India
    • Jharoka Darshan => Raja Darshan
  • Akbhar constructed
    • Diwan-i-Aam: meating with the common people and grievance redressal => Abul Fasal, Birbal, Man Singh, Todar mal related with this 
    • Diwan-i-khaz: meant for meeting with the privileged people such as ministers and administrators
    • Ibadat Khana: Religious Deliberations. and religious heads of Hinduism, buddhism, Jainism, Christianity were invited to take part in discussion
  • Akbhar constructed GOVIND DEV Temple in Vrindavan
    • note: quote akbhar whenever Secularism was asked
  • Akbhar initiate policy of Sul-i-Kuhl => meant spreading brotherhood among all people
    • under this policy Akhbar established new sect called Tauhid-e-Ilahi.(aka. din ilahi) 
Jahangir
  • he constructed Akbhars tomb at Sikandra near agra
  • Itmad-ud-daulah tomb in Agra
    • constructed by Noor Jahan 
    • known for complete use of white marble. & PIETRA DURA technique widely employed inside this tomb.
  • build Moti Masjid and his own tomb @ Lahore.(every mughal used to construct moti musjid)
Shahjahan
  • it was the climax of Mughal Architecture and all the features of Indo-Islamic style employed during this period
  • Red fort @ Delhi, Moti Masjid @ Agra, Juma Masjid @ Delhi, Shalimar Bagh @ Lahore and City of Shahjahanabad
  • Arabesque introduced during Shah Jahan's period and widely used in walls.
Aurangazeb
  • Mughal Architecture declined in this period as aurangazeb disliked fine arts
  • during this period his son Asam Shah constructed Biwi Ka Makbora (Rabia-ud-daurani's tomb @ Aurangabad) => poor imitation of Taj Mahal
  • build Moti Masjid inside Red Fort of Delhi
Other contemporary during Mughals
Sikh
  • Multiplicity of Chatries => in Gurudwaras
  • they introduced concept of Fluted domes
  • eg: Golden Temple
    • foundation: Guru Ramdass
    • completed by: Guru Arjundev.
  • in every gurudwara fluted dome was covered with brass and guild except golden temple where it is made up of gold.
Rajputs
  • Introduced concept of HANGING BALCONIES of various shapes and sizes
  • Introduced curved cornices; most common shape was HALF BOW SHAPE.

Notes
Precursor Cities of Delhi
  1. Indraprastha -> mythological origin
  2. Lalkot -> Tomar Rulers of Delhi -> first walled city of India, i.e, very well fortified. (around 1180)
  3. Quila Rai Pithora -> Prithviraj Chauhan (around 1100)
  4. Siri -> Alauddin Khilji in 1304 AD
  5. Thughlaqabad -> Giazzuddin Thughlaq
  6. Jahapana -> Muhamd bin thuglaq
  7. Firoz shah Kotla -> Firoz shah Thuglaq
    • Dinpanah -> Humayun: not completed
  8. Shergarh-> Sher shah suri
  9. Shahjahanabad -> made by Shajahan (Delhi 6=> chandni chauk, kashmiri gate etc. )
Note
  • Pushkar Lake, Ajmer.
Marathas
  • no special contributions as never focused in Science and technology and architecture.



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