Background
- Hinduism word come from name sindhu which was given by ARYANS.
- later ARABS used to call inhabitants who lived to east of river SINDU as HINDAWI.
- Parsians and Iranians also reffered to region HEPTAHINDU which is very closer to SapthaSindu given by aryans.
- note: negative: Aryabhatta, zero:bhramaguptha.
- the word hindu started from the 500 BC and it got a firm ground in 300 BC. Earlier elements of Hinduism was ka. Sanatan Dharmma or Vedic Religion. => i.e, after birth of buddha seperate religion occurred in that name.
Four Purusharth of Hinduism => final meaning of person on earth
- Dharma =>every person adviced to live his life as prescribed by the religious doctrines
- Arth => every person is entitled to acquire material resources for their sustanance
- Kama => it indicate physical pleasure for every person on earth
- Moksh => it is the final goal which means liberation from the worldly things
the concept of liberation was first prescribed by goutham buddha in the form of nirvana. later concept of moksha emerged on the lines of nirvana.
Salvation Methods => different philosophical schools
- Orthodox
- Samkhya
- Nyaya
- Vaisheshika
- Yoga
- Mimamsa
- Vedanta
- Heterodox
- Buddhism
- Jainism
- Charvaka
- Ajivika
Samkhya
- Kapila muni founder; oldest philosophy
- Salvation can be attained through real knowledge.
- real knowledge comes through PRATHYAKSH or perception, ANUMAN or inference, SHABDH verbal testimony or hearing.
- real knowledge => soul and matter are separate.
- that suggest, they believe in 2 reality i.e DUALISM OR DWAITHAVAD.
- it holds that reality is constituted of 2 principles that is PRAKRITI and PURUSH.
- Prakriti means thought, movement and transformation. => in motion => close to women
- Purush means firmness & consiousness which cannot be altered and this is close to Men.
Nyaya School
- founder: Goutham;
- he says that salvation is possible through logic or valid knowledge.
- it comes from
- PRATHYAKSH
- ANUMAN
- UPMAN => comparison.
- SHABDA
- Valid knowledge => something that can be tested
Vaisheshika
- Salvation is possible through recognistion of atomic character of universe.
- The basic tenet of Vaisheshika is nature is atomic and atoms are separate from the soul.
- they recognise that the smallest indivisible and indestructible part of universe is atom (ANU)
- All physical things are combination of atoms of earth, water, fire, air. =>4 elements. Inactive and motionless in themselves the atoms are put into motion by god's will.
Yoga
- Patanjali => founder
- Salvation is possible through meditation.
- there are some YAMs and NIYAMs (Don't & Do) for meditation. => Prescription and Proscription.
- ultimate aim of Yoga is KUNDALINI JAGRAN. => with that you will be able to communicate with all terrestrial and extraterrestrial beings => and you can finely merge with universe/god.
Mimansa
- Salvation is possible through performing Rituals (KARMKAND)
- founder: Jaimini
Vedanta
- Founder: Badrayana, divided into 3 classes
- Advaitada =>non-dualism
- given by SHANKARACHARYA(Kerala,8th Century AD)
- he holds that there exist only one reality and that is within you. => AHAM BRAHMASMI => it means that the Brahma is within you and you need to find it.
- the path prescribed by Shankaracharya is ka. GYANMARG
- Vishistadvaithvad => Qualified Non dualism
- founded by Ramanuja(Srirangam, TN, )
- says that though there is one reality but it is not universal
- DwaithVAda => Dualism
- established by MADHAVACHARYA
- he believes in 2 reality.
Note: Pushtimarg: this was founded by Vallabhacharya and this was a sect of hinduism dedicated to SHIVA.
Note: Nathasampraday, eastern UP, related to shiva.
Heterodox
Charvak => Lokayata Philosophy
- It was a materialistic philosophy and they deny the existence of god.
- they used to believe that the sensual and materialistic pleasure is the ultimate reality
- there is no such thing like other worldly goals like salvation.
- founded by charvak.
Ajivika
- founded by MAKKHALI GOSALA
- they used to believe in the order of the universe and fate.
- that's why it was also called as Niyativada.
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