IVC Architecture

sites

• Lothal, dholavira: gujarat
• Rakhigarhi: hariyana
• Ropar: Punjab
• Kalibangan, Balathal : Rajasthan

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features

• most imp: Urban planning + Seals;
• Language: not deciphered. + written from right to left.
• note: kharoshti was written right to left also.

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Seals

• Piece of metal , soft riverstone( Steatite), clay, wood etc. in triangular, circular, square, or rectangular in shape
• Contains pictographic engravings
• most famous: Pashupati, Unicorn
• it mainly used as unit of trade and commerce. It also used as Amulets(to ward of the evil).
• it was used as an educational tools: symbols like Pi, Si etc. 

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Sculpture.

• Bronze Sculpture => Cu + Sn 
• tin was not available in India
• Sn => Afghanisthan , Cu => Oman and Dilmun(present day Kuwait, Uae).
• Lost wax technique.
• eg: Bronze dancing girl
• Terracotta Sculpture => clay baked on fire.
• important figurine: bearded priest and mother goddess. 
• Bearded  Priest: Trefoil pattern shall.( widely used AJRAKH cotton fabric + promoted by MoCulture.)

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Pottery

• RED in colour: due to color of baked clay not painted + Make design in black color; => decoration on MINIATURE vessel (kind of flower vase like structure)
• Use: house hold purpose + Decoration purpose (MINIATURE vessel) is used + Straining liquor=> Perforated pottery.

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Cosmetics and Ornaments

• Beads: from steatite, metals like Bronze& Gold, woods, bones.
• Cinnabar (HgS) used for : Soap + Lipstick + Makeup materials.
• Mayans also used cinnabar: red queen first person to use make up in mexico
• Vermilion( Sindoor: HgCl2 => corrosive sublimate)
• Medicinal purpose : Tincture Hg2Cl2 (to heal wound )
• Kajal => to make eyes beautiful + cooling effect.

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note : Mains questions: how IVC still continued eventhough civilizations of that time like Mesopotomia lost very long before

• Urban planning + cosmetics and Ornaments

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Town Planning(Urban Planning)

• Citadel/Acropolis
• upraised platform + western part
• river use to flow near it.
• ruling class
• Normal land
• common people
• town was based on sector pattern+ Road cuts at right angle.
• Sector was based on self sufficiency based.
• HIG, MIG, LIG houses on all sectors.

• Structure of House
• made of burnt brick of same size => show mastery measuring and mathematics.
• every house was connected to one main drain on sides of road. + Drains were covered
• Granaries => to store grains
• built on scientific manner
• used to make AIR DUCKS so that grains not spoiled
• Common bath.
• for ritual washing.
• eg: Mohenjodaro(=> meaning MOUND OF DEAD)
• stepped tank.

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Reasons for end

• draught + flooding
• Invasion by other tribes 
• it was considered 5 mn people are there.

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Buddism & Jainism

• Buddha and Jaina followed SHRAMAN tradition
• Shram=> one who strives for=> enlightenment.
• need to sacrifices
• Renunciation (PARIVRAJAK: homeless wanderer)
• SHRAMAN movement or tradition was against vedic culture of the ancient times. It was a kind of Anti-Vedic movement
• protested: UNTOUCHABILITY, discrimination, Hierarchical Gradation, caste system, brahminical domination.
• voiced for: Equality, Opportunity, Mobility of society
• Asoka
• patronised SHRAMANA tradition.
• send MAHENDRA and SANGAMITRA (children) to spread buddhism
• Aramic and Greek language => send to arab and european parts.
• Stupa & Pillar. => related to Buddhism
• Magadh => person who write chronicles